Approved Therapeutics
| Generic (Brand) Names | Species Origin | Pharmacology | Clinical Indication | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| captopril (CAPOTEN®) |
|
Jararaca pit viper snake Bothrops jararaca | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | Hypertension, cardiac failure | |
| enalapril (VASOTEC®) |
|
Jararaca pit viper snake Bothrops jararaca | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | Hypertension, cardiac failure | |
| lixisenatide (ADLYXIN®) |
|
Gila monster lizard Heloderma suspectum | Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (extended release) | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | |
| ziconotide (PRIALT®) |
|
Magus cone snail Conus magus | Cav2.2 channel antagonist | Management of severe chronic pain | |
| bivalirudin (ANGIOMAX®) |
|
European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis | Reversible direct thrombin inhibitor | Anticoagulant in percutaneous coronary intervention | |
| lepirudin (REFLUDAN®) |
|
European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis | Binds irreversibly to thrombin | Anticoagulation in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia; thromboembolic conditions | |
| desirudin (IPRIVASK®) |
|
European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis | Selective and near-irreversible thrombin inhibitor | Prevention of deep vein thrombosis and associated embolic events | |
| tirofiban (AGGRASTAT®) |
|
Saw-scaled viper snake Echis carinatus | Antagonist of fibrinogen binding to the GPlIb/IIIa receptor site | Acute coronary syndrome | |
| eptifibatide (INTEGRILIN®) |
|
Pygmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius | Prevents binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive ligands to GPIIb/IIIa | Acute coronary syndrome; percutaneous coronary intervention | |
| batroxobin (DEFIBRASE®) |
|
Common / Brazilian lancehead Bothrops atrox / moojeni | Cleaves Aα-chain of fibrinogen | Acute cerebral infarction; unspecific angina pectoris; sudden hearing failure | |
| platelet gel (PLATELTEX-ACT®) |
|
Common lancehead snake Bothrops atrox | Cleaves systemic Aα-chain framework inside fibrinogen | Gelification optimization of autologous components for topical procedures | |
| fibrin sealant (VIVOSTAT®) |
|
Brazilian lancehead snake Bothrops moojeni | Cleaves structural Aα-chain sequence inside fibrinogen targets | Autologous system operational matrix closure sealant in complex surgeries | |
| thrombin-like enzymes |
|
Moccasin / Pit vipers / Mamushi Deinagkistrodon acutus / Gloydius spp. | Fibrinogenase catalyst activity | Antithrombotic application; management of complex thromboembolic profiles | |
| hemocoagulase (REPTILASE®) |
|
Lancehead species variations Bothrops atrox / jararaca / moojeni | Cleaves structural Aα-fibrinogen; system parameter Factor X or prothrombin catalyst | Prophylaxis optimization and localized hemorrhagic containment during surgery | |
| medicinal leech therapy |
|
European medicinal leech Hirudo verbana / spp. | Suppresses normal baseline platelet binding aggregation and cascade steps | Microvascular optimization in advanced skin flaps and tissue attachment grafting |
Withdrawn Not for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness
| Generic (Brand) Names | Species Origin | Pharmacology | Clinical Indication | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| exenatide (BYETTA®) |
|
Gila monster lizard Heloderma suspectum | Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | |
| exenatide (BYDUREON®) |
|
Gila monster lizard Heloderma suspectum | Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (extended release) | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
Clinical-Stage Assets
| Generic (Brand) Names | Species Origin | Pharmacology | Clinical Indication | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stichodactyla toxin ShK dalazatide / ShK-186 (Kineta) |
|
Sun sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus | Kv1.3 channel selective blocker antagonist | Psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis autoimmune platforms | |
| chlorotoxin BLZ-100 / TM-601 (Blaze Bio) |
|
Deathstalker (Yellow scorpion) Leiurus quinquestriatus | Binds membrane type-1 MMP, MMP-2 matrix variants, ClC-3 chloride transport structures | Malignant glioma visualization; central nervous system oncological targets | |
| soricidin SOR-C13 (Soricimed) |
|
Northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda | Target-selective inhibitor of the transient receptor channel TRPV6 configuration | Advanced ovarian carcinoma and associated specialized solid tumor profiles | |
| Hi1a IB409 |
|
K'gari funnel-web spider Hadronyche infensa | Acid sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) inhibitor | Myocardial infarction; acute ischemic stroke mitigation |
Discontinued Clinical Programs
| Generic (Brand) Names | Species Origin | Pharmacology | Clinical Indication | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide cenderitide / CD-NP (Capricor) |
|
Eastern green mamba snake Dendroaspis angusticeps | Suppresses structural binding aggregation paths and cascades | congestive cardiac failure | Phase 2, 2017 Feb |
| Desmodus rotundus plasminogen desmoteplase / DSPA (Lundbeck) |
|
Common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus | Plasminogen activator a1 with high fibrin affinity specificity | acute ischemic stroke | Phase 3, 2014 Dec |